Capítulo 7
12. Migración e interacciones neurona sensorial-aldainoglía:
Las interacciones entre aldainoglía y neuronas incluyen: quimio-atracción, promoción de la migración, promoción del crecimiento neuritico y envoltura rápida y reversible de las fibras nerviosas (Nieto- Sampedro 2003). La disponibilidad de ratones transgénicos marcados con proteina fluorescente verde (GFP), hizo posible la preparación de neuroesferas de ratón-GFP, diferenciarlas a GFP-aldainoglía y estudiar su interacción con neuritas de DRG mediante microscopía confocal. El cco-cultivo de DRGs con neuroesferas causó una migración extensiva de las células de DRG, tal que tras dos semanas, los límites de los ganglios desaparecen (Fig. 8e). Por contra, DRG control, mantenidos durante ese mismo período en medio NB27 solo, retuvieron lsu integridad, con una migración mínima de las células ganglionares (Fig. 8a).
Figura 8. |
Cuando DRG de rata fueron cultivados junto con neuroesferas de ratón-GFP, las células verdes de las neuroesferas migraron hacia los ganglios, invadiéndolos (Fig. 11 b, d). Se observaron neuronas neurofilamento-positivas, en las cercanías de la superficie de los ganglios, rodeadas por aldainoglía-GFP derivada de las neuroesferas (Fig. 11d). La ausencia de células GFP-positivas y sus núcleos teñidos por Hoechst del substrato alrededor de los DRGs (Fig.11 a-e), fué debida a la migración masiva de la aldainoglía-GFP hacia los DRGs (Fig 11 a-b, f, h). Los contactos aldainoglía-neurona fueron observados en los DRGs como fluorescencia color naranja-amarillo, producto de la mezcla de GFP verde e inmunotinción roja de neurofilamentos (Fig.11 d). Casi todas las neuronas de los DRGs estaban en contacto con células de aldainoglía, como indican las manchas blancas, que muestran el solapamiento de las tinciones (programa NIH ImageJ; Fig.11 e). En los ganglios, todos los somas neuronales se observaron en contacto con aldainoglía, aunque no se observo claramente la envoltura por las células gliales-GFP. Sin embargo, las fibras neurofilamento-positivas que emergen de los DRGs aparecían siempre totalmente envueltas por GFP- aldainoglía (Fig.11 f-q). Las fibras de los DRGs se muestran como as fascículos de fibras neurofilamento-positivas (Fig.11 g, k, o), envueltas por la GFP- aldainoglía (Fig.11 h, i, l, m, p, q). En sección confocal transversal las fibras envueltas se observan como un neurofilamento central rodeado por GFP-aldainoglía (Fig.11 n-q). Los núcleos de algunas células de aldainoglía estan alineados a lo largo de las fibras nerviosas envueltas (Fig.11 j-m, r-u). Los contactos intimos observados neurita-glia, estan justificados por la fuerte sobre-expresión de las moléculas de adhesión en la aldainoglía con respecto a las neuroesferas (Tabla 1). Las neuritas que crecieron de los DRGs fueron mas largas que el diámetro de un ganglio, aparentemente prefiriendo interaccionar con las células similares a aldainoglía sobre las otras células presentes, incluidas las células de Schwann ganglionares (Fig.11 g-i, k-m, n-q, r-u). De-fasciculación de las neuritas fue observada en las porciones de las neuritas mas alejadas de los ganglios (Fig.11 g, h, k, l).
Figura 11. |
13. La aldainoglía normaliza la glia reactiva:
El transplante de GEBO en la médula espinal de la rata lesionada fotoquímicamente disminuyó la reactividad astrocitaria y la cavitación en el parenquima medular. Una lesión fotoquímica a nivel T12-L1 produjo un daño tan severo en la médula espinal que los primeros 15 días postlesión todas las ratas arrastraron sus miembros posteriores y no respondieron a estímulos mecánicos (pinprick). El area y volumen máximos de las cavidades quísticas fueron menores en ratas transplantadas GEBO que en las no transplantadas, con valores no significativos en el sitio de lesión T12-L1, pero muy significativo en los niveles medulares T9-T10 y L4-L6 (Verdú y col., 2001). La densidad de astrocitos en la sustancia gris medular fué similar en ratas no-transplantadas y transplantadas en los niveles T12-L1 y L4-L6, pero más baja en las transplantadas en el nivel T9-T10. En los animales lesionados y no transplantados, todos los astrocitos mostraron una apariencia hipertrófica, con procesos largos y robustos fuertemente GFAP-positivos, y sobre-expresion de proteoglicanos inhibitores de neuritogenesis. Por contra, en las ratas transplantadas solo unos pocos astrocitos mostraron hipertrofia y la majoría mostró procesos cortos y finos (Verdú y col., 2001). Estos resultados indican que los transplantes de GEBO en la médula adulta lesionada, ejercen un efecto neuroprotector, reduciendo la gliosis astrocitica y la cavitatión quística.
14. Conclusión: la aldainoglía es un precursor neural:
14. Conclusión: la aldainoglía es un precursor neural:
Neuronas, astrocitos y oligodendrocitos pueden ser producidos en cultivo a partir de neuroesferas estimuladas con los factores de crecimiento adecuados (Merkle et al. 2004; Vicario-Abejón et al. 2003). La expresión de niveles constantes de nestina, el aumento de GFAP periférica y la presencia de otros marcadores gliales in vitro, apoyan la hipótesis de que un precursor de naturaleza glial es un paso intermedio en la diferenciación desde neuroesferas a los diversos tipos de célula neural (Merkle et al. 2004).
Un precursor común de neuronas y astrocitos que expresa nestina y GFAP, ha sido encontrado en mamíferos postnatales y adultos (Wei et al. 2002). Neuroesferas embrionarias se diferenciaron a neuronas, astrocitos y oligodendrocitos tras 10 dias en cultivo (Fujiwara et al. 2004). Nosotros hemos mostrado que células similares a aldainoglía pueden ser generadas a partir de neuroesferas embrionarias en un periodo de tiempo más corto (48 horas) por tratamiento con medio condicionado por GEBO (Doncel-Perez y col., 2009). La presencia de aldainoglía en el SNC adulto (Gudiño-Cabrera and Nieto-Sampedro 2000) abre la posibilidad de generar los diversos fenotipos neurales in situ, mediante la estimulación adecuada de la población de aldainoglía residente. La localización de estas células precursoras neurales in situ puede establecerse con los marcadores aquí descritos.
Tabla 1 |
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Palabras clave: Neuregulina / GFAP/ Vimentina/ Nestina / receptor de NGF p75 / Regeneración/ Microarrays
Abreviaturas:
bFGF, factor de crecimiento fibroblástico básico; E15, día embrionario 15; EGF, factor de crecimiento epidermal; MHC, complejo mayor de histocompatibilidad; NB27, medio neurobasal suplementado con B27; Nes, gen de nestina; GE-BO, glía envolvente del bulbo olfatorio; PLL , poli-L-lisina; SNC, sistema nervioso central.
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